How do I address this with higher-ups? Promotion job filled that wasn't advertised, despite tenure and experience?

I just found out that a major role at my job has been filled. It was posted internally a year ago, and I applied for it. I had tenure at the place and good prior experience. The job was put on hold because of expansion projects.

I asked HR about it every few months, often enough for them to know I was interested but not enough to be a pest. Well, I found out this morning that the job has been filled by an external candidate and I'm extremely pissed off about it. HR told me that I'd probably have to re-apply, which is fine. But they never posted the job again and I never even got an interview. I want to talk to our VP about it, since I have a good relationship with him and he knows my motivations and that I like the company. How do I ask him about it without sounding threatening or like I'm going to walk off right away?

Updates
10 mo
I've also had good performance reviews in my current role and got the maximum raise I could, so obviously I'm not bad at my job.
How do I address this with higher-ups? Promotion job filled that wasn't advertised, despite tenure and experience?
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