How do I address this with higher-ups? Promotion job filled that wasn't advertised, despite tenure and experience?

I just found out that a major role at my job has been filled. It was posted internally a year ago, and I applied for it. I had tenure at the place and good prior experience. The job was put on hold because of expansion projects.

I asked HR about it every few months, often enough for them to know I was interested but not enough to be a pest. Well, I found out this morning that the job has been filled by an external candidate and I'm extremely pissed off about it. HR told me that I'd probably have to re-apply, which is fine. But they never posted the job again and I never even got an interview. I want to talk to our VP about it, since I have a good relationship with him and he knows my motivations and that I like the company. How do I ask him about it without sounding threatening or like I'm going to walk off right away?

Updates
3 mo
I've also had good performance reviews in my current role and got the maximum raise I could, so obviously I'm not bad at my job.
How do I address this with higher-ups? Promotion job filled that wasn't advertised, despite tenure and experience?
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