Why do women often receive more lenient treatment in criminal courts compared to men?

There are numerous instances where women commit offenses that, if perpetrated by men, would result in significantly harsher penalties

United Kingdom: According to the UK Ministry of Justice, in 2023, women were 28% less likely than men to receive immediate custodial sentences for indictable offences. Additionally, the average custodial sentence length for women was 12.2 months, compared to 21.8 months for men.

United States: A study by Sonja Starr found that, after controlling for various factors, men received sentences that were on average 63% longer than those for women.

France: Research analyzing 1.37 million convictions revealed that women received prison sentences averaging 19 days, while men received 47 days for similar offenses. This disparity persisted even when controlling for crime type and criminal history.
Why do women often receive more lenient treatment in criminal courts compared to men?
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