X Ray fluorescence spectrometer can measure surface of alloys for its composition. It's often used in industry for quick surface tests. Of course the biggest disadvantage is XRFS' inability to look inside a work piece, however there are other magnetic detectors which recognize precious metals on its behavior in a magnet field.
We have such device in prosthetic workshop and I checked my gold jewelry. All of them didn't contain amount of gold or like engraving depicted. It was always less, especially 585 Gold (58,5%) commonly used in jewelry here.
Someone brought 999 (99,9%) gold coins which contained only 91-95% of gold.
With silver it was less concerning
If you want invest in gold be careful. Not everything golden is gold or just gold coated.

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