How can a researcher tell whether a participant is aware they're being observed without asking? How can this be done with participants without speech?

[Anonymous]

[Anonymous]

You could ask a non leading question after the research has been conducted. Meaning if you ask explicitly you will be faulty answers. If you ask something like "did you notice anything about this session?" If they noticed and it was obvious they would likely bring it up via that line a questioning? This is a difficult question, i'd say there is no right answer it's more of trying to find the option that is closest to reliable.