Critical Thinking: The Circular Argument Fallacy

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What's Logical Fallacy?

A logical fallacy is an error in reasoning common enough to warrant a fancy name. Knowing how to spot and identify fallacies is a priceless skill. It can save you time, money, and personal dignity.

What's The Circular Argument Fallacy?

When a person’s argument is just repeating what they already assumed beforehand, it’s not arriving at any new conclusion. We call this a circular argument or circular reasoning. If someone says, “The DaVinci Code is true; it says so in the The DaVinci Code”—that’s a circular argument. They are assuming that the author only speaks truth, and so they trust it to truthfully report that it speaks the truth, because it says that it does. It is a claim using its own conclusion as its premise, and vice versa, in the form of “If A is true because B is true; B is true because A is true”. Another example of circular reasoning is, “According to my brain, my brain is reliable.” Well, yes, of course we would think our brains are in fact reliable if our brains are the one’s telling us that our brains are reliable.

Circular arguments are also called Petitio principii, meaning “Assuming the initial [thing]” (commonly mistranslated as “begging the question”). This fallacy is a kind of presumptuous argument where it only appears to be an argument. It’s really just restating one’s assumptions in a way that looks like an argument. You can recognize a circular argument when the conclusion also appears as one of the premises in the argument.

Example 1:

"You must obey the law, because it’s illegal to break the law."

Example 2:

"Everyone loves Rebecca, because she is so popular."

Example 3:

"Harold’s new book is well written, because Harold is a wonderful writer."

Example 4:

"My religious book is true because my religious book says it's true and my religious book is created by a perfect being because my religious book says it is a perfect being."

Critical Thinking: The Circular Argument Fallacy
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